{"id":2416,"date":"2024-04-16T03:10:14","date_gmt":"2024-04-16T03:10:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/?page_id=2416"},"modified":"2024-04-16T03:32:18","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T03:32:18","slug":"fyi-reflections","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/fyi-reflections\/","title":{"rendered":"FYI = Reflections"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2416\" class=\"elementor elementor-2416\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0e4e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0d0e4e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec4e825 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec4e825\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 10-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">REFLECTIONS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cf6549 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cf6549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 10-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>My first recollection of politics in Jamaica was the nineteen seventy two election. \u00a0I still vividly remember the many bell ringing and fist thumping motorcades and the nightly meetings by both parties in the various districts. The atmosphere was very festive and we would wave back to the motorcades returning their party symbols or sometimes, when we felt mischievous, that of the opposing party. At night we would attend political meetings in the community with older relatives as we speculate who the winner of the election would be. \u00a0The evil menace of illegal guns had just started creeping into \u2018politics\u2019 but this was still confined to Kingston and a few other areas and was of no immediate concern to us. The theme of the PNP was \u2018Better Must Come\u2019 and Michael Manley was touted as Joshua and was often seen with a rod called the Rod of Correction which it was said he received from Emperor Haile Selassie.<br \/>The big day came and it was victory for the PNP led by Michael\u00a0Manley and along with this, \u00a0a great sense of hope for a better\u00a0Jamaica. There were joyous celebrations throughout the country\u00a0and it was a common sight to see house brooms and green bushes\u00a0tied to the back of motor vehicles as the JLP was \u2018swept out.\u00a0Following the election a gun amnesty was declared which resulted\u00a0in a large number of illegal guns being turned in to the authorities.\u00a0A large number of social legislation were passed, among which the<br \/>maternity leave act, equal pay for women, equal right for children\u00a0born out of wedlock and the minimum wage act readily comes to\u00a0mind. These along with the announcement of free education gain\u00a0the PNP vast popularity especially among the poor. The introduction\u00a0of the adult literacy programme Jamal, and the National Youth\u00a0Service were immensely popular.<br \/>The oil crisis of the seventies soon dwindle away our banking\u00a0reserve causing shortages of materials and consumer goods. The\u00a0financial intelligence unit was established to police the foreign\u00a0exchange system and especially catch people taking more than the\u00a0legally allowed fifty US dollars (US$50) out of the country. \u00a0This\u00a0along with the regime\u2019s new friendship with Cuba and the Eastern\u00a0European Block in the middle of what was then the \u201ccold war\u201d soon\u00a0cost the ruling party a lot of it\u2019s support \u00a0especially among business\u00a0\u00a0people and the upper class. There was also strong opposition from\u00a0the United States resulting in a lot of economic aid being cut off.\u00a0The formation of the OPEC oil group and their decision to cut \u00a0oil<br \/>production caused oil shortage and the skyrocketing of oil price as\u00a0well as an unstable world economy. This caused a major foreign \u00a0exchange shortage \u00a0resulting in the country \u00a0having to apply to the \u00a0<br \/>International Monetary Fund (IMF) \u00a0for assistance in nineteen\u00a0seventy seven. Strict conditionalities were imposed including a\u00a0devaluation of the dollar which resulted in what was then known as\u00a0the \u2018crawling peg devaluation\u2019 during which there was a fixed\u00a0monthly devaluation. \u00a0In \u00a0the meantime economic growth slowed\u00a0down and then went negative as the country\u2019s economy started to\u00a0decline. With this came layoffs and an increase in crime and\u00a0violence and the use of the gun spread throughout the island. In the<br \/>meantime Edward Seaga had challenged Hugh Shearer for \u00a0the\u00a0leadership of the JLP in 1974 and was successful. He was reputed\u00a0to be a financial wizard and proved to be a formidable opposition\u00a0leader.<br \/>By nineteen seventy six, the crime rate had skyrocketed with many\u00a0major crimes throughout the country. Among the major incidents\u00a0which stood out are the Greenwich Town shooting, the Gold Street\u00a0massacre and the Orange Street fire in which babies were taken\u00a0from their mothers who tried to escape the flames, and thrown back\u00a0into the fire. The political divide increased and as people were\u00a0forced to flee their homes, \u00a0the political garrisons spread and\u00a0increased throughout the country. The dreaded Gun Court, now<br \/>called The South Camp Rehabilitation center, was established. It\u00a0was painted red and even for the possession of a single bullet, one\u00a0would be sent there \u2018under indefinite detention\u2019 meaning there was<br \/>no fixed release date. \u00a0In June of that year the then prime minister\u00a0Michael Manley declared a nationwide State of Emergency (SOE). I\u00a0can still recall hearing the announcement that Saturday as I\u00a0was preparing to go with my mother to the market. This was to last\u00a0just under a year. Immediately after the announcement a massive\u00a0roundup of people started. Some PNP supporters were arrested but\u00a0by far, most of them were members or supporters of the JLP\u00a0including Parnell Charles and Babsy Grange. This was the start of a<br \/>long detention for many of them and in Ms Grange case a condition\u00a0of her release was that she left the island. I remember one\u00a0interesting case of one person being arrested as being a threat to\u00a0national security but he was later released when it was proven that\u00a0he was a British citizens and the British Embassy intervened. The\u00a0SOE did little to stem the wave of violence and killings which\u00a0continued unabated.<br \/>A general election was called for December of that year and with\u00a0many in the JLP locked away, to the beat of \u2018My leader Born Ya\u2019,\u00a0the PNP won a landslide of forty seven to thirteen seats. It was a\u00a0very violent election campaign and I can remember our parents\u00a0waking us up to hide in bushes as shots were fired and stones\u00a0rained down on roofs. Very little changed, however, and the\u00a0problems continued to increase. The scarcity of material and\u00a0consumer goods got worst and the widespread \u2018marrying\u2019 of goods\u00a0was a part of life. This was a practice where in order to purchase an\u00a0item in scarce supply, the purchaser was force to purchase some\u00a0other item. Inspectors were sent out to check supermarkets and\u00a0shops for the hoarding and marrying of goods as well as\u00a0overcharging, as all basic items had price control. Unemployment\u00a0increased and to alleviate this the \u2018Crash Work Programme\u2019 was\u00a0established. It was extremely unproductive and the participants\u00a0spent most of their time leaning on brooms and abusing people\u00a0driving by. \u00a0With critical shortages, self reliance was stressed and\u00a0people were encouraged to \u2018tun yu hand and mek fashion\u2019 as well\u00a0as to establish house gardens. The \u2018land lease\u2019 and \u2018pioneer\u00a0programme\u2019 was expanded. The relationship with Cuba and the\u00a0eastern block were expanded while that with the United States\u00a0continued its&#8217; decline. The controversial Brigadista Programme\u00a0where people were sent to Cuba for training in medicine, dentistry\u00a0and construction grew. \u00a0At the same time, health personnel,\u00a0teachers and construction workers came to assist in our health and\u00a0education sectors and the construction of schools and micro-dams.<br \/>The \u00a0\u00a0JLP accused the government of sending these people for\u00a0military training and objected to the Cuban personnel presence in\u00a0the island. At the same time, the cry by the PNP that the CIA was\u00a0destabilizing the country increased.\u00a0In \u00a0January of 1977 the Green Bay massacre occurred in which\u00a0young men from Southside and other areas were taken \u00a0by the\u00a0Military Intelligence Unit (MIU) to the JDF shooting range under the\u00a0pretence of getting jobs and then executed in cold blood. I recall the\u00a0statement made by the Security Minister shortly after the incident\u00a0that \u2018no angels died at green bay\u2019 for which he had since<br \/>apologized. \u00a0There were inquiries into the state of emergency and\u00a0the green bay massacre in which the details were revealed and\u00a0these proved to be in contrast to what was initially told to the public\u00a0and probably are the two most shameful incidents since\u00a0independence.<br \/>As the relationship between the communist Workers Party of\u00a0Jamaica (WPJ), the Soviet Union and the government increased so\u00a0did the fear \u00a0and unease that the country was going communist,\u00a0especially among the upper class. That led to the \u2018five flight a day to\u00a0Miami speech\u2019 by Prime Minister Manley in which those who did not\u00a0like how the country was been run was encouraged to catch one of\u00a0these flights and leave.<br \/>The decline in the country\u2019s fortune accelerated. Shortages of\u00a0consumer goods and material\u00a0increased. The poor performance of the economy and stringent\u00a0conditions set by the IMF \u00a0resulted in the continued devaluation of\u00a0the \u00a0Jamaican dollar leading \u00a0to increase prices and more hardship\u00a0especially for the poor, and the discontinuation of a lot of social\u00a0programmes. \u00a0By the end of nineteen seventy nine the country was\u00a0in a state of an all out undeclared civil war across the country. As\u00a0in the 1976 election, illegal guns were everywhere and these were\u00a0said to be given out by politicians in order to win. The link between<br \/>politicians and known gunmen were quite apparent with even the\u00a0leaders of both parties attending the funerals of known gunmen\u00a0and area dons. Residents in many communities were forced to flee\u00a0their homes and communities where they had lived all their lives, in\u00a0some cases with only the clothes on their back. Their houses were\u00a0taken over by political rivals resulting in the extension of the\u00a0garrison communities. By the election the following year many\u00a0persons were of the opinion that the island was going to be turned\u00a0into a communist state. This was fuelled by some political activist\u00a0telling people that they would be taking over their properties when\u00a0the island went communist. Many persons, especially those of the\u00a0upper class sold out their homes and businesses at a minimal cost\u00a0and fled the island with their family.<br \/>In 1979 there was a massive roadblock across the island as there\u00a0was an impending gas increase. This was the first of the three\u00a0great gas protests and I can remember walking home from school\u00a0some distance of about twelve miles. Other people were forced to\u00a0walk much further and in some cases had to seek shelter as they\u00a0could not make it home. The rise in the price of the gas when it\u00a0came was minimal. Those who organized the protest claimed it\u00a0was as a result of their protest while the government claimed that\u00a0the organizers had an agenda. There was also the Eventide home\u00a0fire in May 1980 in which over 400 destitute old persons and some\u00a0impaired children were burnt to death. It was claimed that the fire\u00a0was set by political rivals.<br \/>The 1980 eighty election was fought mainly along ideological lines\u00a0and if we should continue with \u00a0the IMF, the JLP being for and the\u00a0PNP against it. The JLP was seen as leaning to the right (pro\u00a0America) while the PNP was seen as leaning to the left (pro Soviet\u00a0Union). \u00a0The term IMF was revised by some to mean \u2018Is Manley\u00a0Fault\u2019. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The theme of the JLP was \u2018deliverance is near\u2019 and Mr\u00a0Seaga was touted as the deliverer while that of the PNP was &#8216;stand\u00a0firm for a third term&#8217;. \u00a0The election was announced in Sam Sharpe Square before a large\u00a0crowd by Prime Minister Manley who declared that \u201cone hundred\u00a0and fifty thousand strong, can\u2019t be wrong\u201d. The PNP was defeated\u00a0in the election held in October 1980 which swept the JLP to power\u00a0with a fifty one to nine seats victory. It was the bloodiest year ever\u00a0with over eight hundreds deaths most of which was politically\u00a0motivated. These included that of one candidate Roy McGann who\u00a0was killed in the Papine region shortly before the election. Previous\u00a0to that the yearly murder rate was about two hundred, and\u00a0nineteen eighty was to stand \u00a0as the record for the \u00a0number of\u00a0murders in a year for seventeen years until it was surpass in\u00a0nineteen ninety seven. I can remember after the election the\u00a0almost instantaneous availability of basic items which up to the day\u00a0before the election were unavailable. I remembered one\u00a0shopkeeper throwing open his shutters and shouting \u201ccome<br \/>people, uno come. A have everything; rice, sugar, flour, condense\u00a0milk and bath soap\u201d. These were item that were previously either\u00a0<br \/>totally unavailable or were \u201cmarried\u201d to other items. \u00a0This help to\u00a0confirm in many persons\u2019 mind that the PNP government was\u00a0sabotage in some ways by the business class.\u00a0After the nineteen eighty election the country settle down and\u00a0many of those who had fled the country return. It was said that\u00a0some of these persons offered substantial amount for the\u00a0properties that was basically given away when they fled but their\u00a0offer was not accepted as the market value was much greater.\u00a0One of the first thing I remember the new government doing was to\u00a0allow the importation of about twelve million dollars (a substantial\u00a0amount of money then) worth of motor cars which from the mid\u00a0seventies were almost impossible to procure. During that period of\u00a0time the waiting time for a new car was a minimum of three to four\u00a0years and the cost of a second hand car could be two or three\u00a0times the cost of a new one. This was one of the few countries\u00a0where car price appreciated. The decision to spend this amount of\u00a0money for such purpose was criticized as the country was facing\u00a0an extreme shortage of foreign exchange. The government\u00a0defended its decision saying that the people needed some relief\u00a0from the hardship they had endured for so long.<br \/>The government was still under the constraints of the IMF and had\u00a0to abide by their stringent conditions. Many persons felt that they\u00a0were more interested in pleasing the IMF than in the welfare of the\u00a0citizens. About this time the dreaded \u201cEradication Squad&#8221; came\u00a0into being. As the name suggests this squad was seen as a squad\u00a0which eradicate suspected wrong doers and for the several years\u00a0that it existed the average number of police killings were about\u00a0three hundred and fifty each year.<br \/>By nineteen eighty three, the support of the JLP had declined\u00a0dramatically as lots of people felt that the promised \u2018deliverance\u2019\u00a0and to make \u2018money jingle in their pocket&#8217; were not delivered. The\u00a0invasion of Grenada following the ousting of Prime Minister\u00a0Maurice Bishop in Grenada and the take over of the island by\u00a0communist sympathizers proved to be a boost in the popularity of\u00a0the JLP. With the JLP popularity at a high, the PNP made the\u00a0mistake of calling on Mr Seaga to resign. He chose to call a snap<br \/>general election and with the communist bogey revived, the PNP chose not to contest the election as they said Mr Seaga had broken a promise not to call any election until the election procedures were fixed. This \u00a0resulted \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0JLP \u00a0controlling all sixty parliamentary seats. The nineteen eighties were hard years. With the country being short on foreign exchange and being in the thongs of the IMF, a wide range of social services were cut and there were wide layoffs including in the government sector. Price controls on basic items were abolished resulting in their increase. \u00a0The freezone sector was developed and provided a large number of jobs especially for women but many people criticize this, saying that it was cheap labor and the working conditions were poor. I can remember the then minister of labor responding to say that the workers were \u2018working in salubrious conditions\u2019 for which he was severely criticized. By the mid nineteen eighties, migration was again at a high, with some of those who had returned after the nineteen eighty election choosing to leave \u00a0again.\u00a0<br \/>Overall the country gained some sense of stability during the 1980\u2019s\u00a0after the turbulent years of clean prior to which one had to pick their\u00a0way through the mounds of garbage. There were beautification\u00a0projects through the country and there was an overall sense of law\u00a0and order, stability and civic pride returning to the country.\u00a0Some of the more controversial things done by the JLP government\u00a0were the rationalization of the health sector which saw many\u00a0hospitals down graded or closed in preference to a more centrally<br \/>located major hospital. There was also the Spring Plain project\u00a0which was the growing of winter vegetables on a high tech farm\u00a0located in Clarendon. This project failed, with the loss of millions of<br \/>dollars which were put in by the Jamaican government. There were\u00a0also the incidence of market vendors being attacked, and that in\u00a0which people were evicted and their furniture thrown from high rise building because they were said to have &#8216;switched&#8217; when the \u00a0JLP\u00a0lost the 1986 local government election. With most of the Parish\u00a0Councils controlled by the PNP, the JLP government drastically\u00a0scaled down the Local Government system and moved most of its&#8217;\u00a0responsibilities to Central Government. The country paid a heavy\u00a0price for this action. There was also an incident in which several\u00a0person were shot dead in a flare up of violence between two JLP\u00a0strongholds and it was claimed that the member of parliament \u00a0sat\u00a0and drank beers with the gunmen and claimed that it was a \u00a0family\u00a0affair and everything was settled.<br \/>One of the failure of the JLP government was it\u2019s refusal to build on\u00a0any achievement of the former PNP government. As a result half\u00a0finish housing schemes (especially those in PNP garrison area)\u00a0were abandoned and programmes such as Jamal were scaled\u00a0back. We were \u00a0to see this happening again in 1989 when the PNP\u00a0returned to power and lay to waste the rebuilding of the Cornation\u00a0Market and other projects started by the JLP government.<br \/>The JLP government also faced its \u2018gas protest\u2019 in 1985 when roads\u00a0were blocked over the entire island to protest against the increase\u00a0in gas price. I can recall walking from UWI where I was a student at\u00a0the time to Half Way Tree to pick up my sister and the all the way to\u00a0Havendale where I was living. The foreign exchange rate remained\u00a0fairly stable moving from about $2.50 in 1980 to about $5.50 at the\u00a0end of the \u00a0JLP term as government in 1989. It was felt by many\u00a0that the rate was kept artificially low by the then \u2018auction system&#8217; in\u00a0which people would bid for available foreign exchange and the\u00a0exchange rate would be set as that of the lowest bid accepted. All\u00a0buyers, however, had to buy the foreign exchange at the price that\u00a0they bid. The robot minivans that had infiltrated the JOS bus route\u00a0were legalized and started operating alongside the JOS bus. This\u00a0resulted in the demised of the already ailing JOS in 1983 and<br \/>transportation being taken over by the minivans. This resulted in\u00a0total chaos which was to continue until the advent of the JUTC bus\u00a0service in 1998.\u00a0One of the frequent criticisms of the government was that it was a\u00a0one man government as \u00a0many felt that the Prime Minister was\u00a0running the entire government. This was so as he appears to be in\u00a0charge of various project in various ministry such as Spring Plain\u00a0winter vegetable project and MPM which was responsible for the\u00a0beautification and cleaning of the city. In 1988 on September 12,\u00a0the country was hit by hurricane Gilbert. Many persons had not\u00a0taken the warning seriously and had just treated it as just another\u00a0case of \u2018crying wolf\u2019. I can recall driving from Kingston to Clarendon\u00a0on the morning of the hurricane and seeing many children,\u00a0including tiny ones, on their way to school. I can still recall the\u00a0howling wind with the trees swaying back and forth as the hurricane\u00a0hit the island. The hurricane which had started in the afternoon\u00a0lasted for most of the night. Next morning we awoke to find that our\u00a0house was undamaged and there were little damage in our yard\u00a0except for one tree which was blown over. In general, the area in\u00a0my district did not suffer much damage. It was a different sight that\u00a0met my eyes however, as I headed back into Kingston the next day.\u00a0Thousands of trees, electrical and telephone poles were scattered\u00a0all over the place. Countless houses were missing their entire roof\u00a0and many others were badly damaged. Squatter settlements such\u00a0as that at Riverton City were completely wiped out. Light and\u00a0telephone services were almost non existent throughout the entire<br \/>island. Stores and business places were looted of their contents.\u00a0With no refrigeration, corn beef became a common part of most\u00a0meal and was vastly popular.\u00a0Foreign aid poured from all over the world in the form of needed\u00a0goods and materials, as well as various personnel to aid in the\u00a0rebuilding process. The cry of victimization and claim of unfair\u00a0distribution of benefits started and increased as the distribution got<br \/>underway. The restoration process was efficiently handled and\u00a0sooner than most people expected some semblance of normality\u00a0started to return to the country. The sale of generators became big\u00a0business as householders and businesses seek to acquire them.\u00a0The general election which was expected by November of 1989 was\u00a0held in February of the following year. Despite the decrease in the\u00a0crime rate, the change from negative to positive growth and the\u00a0quick rebuilding after hurricane Gilbert, the JLP had lost its popularity from before the 1986 parish council election and was\u00a0never able to regain it. It lost the election to the PNP \u00a0despite the\u00a0fact that the PNP did not even put out a manifesto and most of its<br \/>candidates were the same ones from the seventies whom were\u00a0soundly rejected in the 1980 election. The slogan of the PNP was\u00a0&#8216;we put people first&#8217;.<br \/>Overall the 80\u2019s was a much calmer and more stable period than it\u00a0was in the 70\u2019s. There were however much hardships as the\u00a0government follows the dictates of the IMF, cut social programmes,\u00a0and jobs were lost in both the public and private sectors. It was\u00a0during the 80&#8217;s that the food stamp programme was \u00a0introduced to\u00a0help those marginalized by the restructuring programme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>REFLECTIONS My first recollection of politics in Jamaica was the nineteen seventy two election. \u00a0I still vividly remember the many bell ringing and fist thumping motorcades and the nightly meetings by both parties in the various districts. The atmosphere was very festive and we would wave back to the motorcades returning their party symbols or &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/fyi-reflections\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">FYI = Reflections<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2416","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2416"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2424,"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2416\/revisions\/2424"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/japjm.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}